The **G20 Summit** is a premier international forum comprising 19 major economies and two regional organizations—the European Union and the African Union—that collectively represent about **85% of global GDP, over 75% of international trade, and approximately two-thirds of the world’s population**[1][2]. Established in 1999 initially as a meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors, the G20 evolved into an annual summit of heads of state and government starting in 2008, in response to the global financial crisis, to foster international economic cooperation[4]. The G20’s primary focus is to address critical global economic and financial issues by promoting policy coordination among developed and developing nations. Unlike many international organizations, the G20 does **not have a permanent secretariat**; instead, its **Presidency rotates annually among member countries**, which shapes the summit’s agenda based on current global economic developments and regional priorities. The Presidency is supported by a “troika” consisting of the current, immediate past, and next host countries, ensuring continuity[1][2]. Key achievements include setting frameworks for global financial reform post-2008 crisis, advancing tax transparency, combating tax evasion, and addressing issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and digital economy governance[4]. The G20 has also broadened its agenda to include topics like food security, energy transition, disaster resilience, and innovation, reflecting its expanding role in addressing complex global challenges. The upcoming **2025 G20 Johannesburg Summit** is particularly notable as the first held on the African continent, marking a historic “African Moment.” South Africa’s presidency (December 2024–November 2025) centers on the theme **“Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability,”** emphasizing inclusive growth, fair opportunity, and sustainable development aligned with the UN Agenda 2030. South Africa aims to advance priorities such as debt sustainability for low-income countries, mobilizing finance for a just energy transition, and leveraging critical minerals for inclusive